korupsi terintegrasi

Ada apa dengan praktek korupsi di Indonesia? Saya pikir, jawabnya adalah 'integrasi'. Praktek korupsi di Indonesia saat ini tidak hanya berskala besar dan menjangkau berbagai aspek, namun juga telah terintegrasi dalam kegiatan-kegiatan penting di Indonesia terutama terkait dengan pelayanan masyarakat. Hasil survei integritas yang dilakukan oleh Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) yang diberitakan oleh Tempo hari ini ikut menambah fakta empiris terintegrasinya praktek korupsi di Indonesia.

Berikut ini adalah kutipan dari berita tersebut:

Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi menemukan maraknya praktek suap dalam pemberian layanan publik di seluruh daerah di Indonesia. Hampir separuh daerah atau sebesar 43 persen yang masih melakukan praktek suap.
...
Dari hasil survei ini, daerah yang memperoleh penilaian integritas dibawah nilai rata-rata di antaranya Kota Metro (3,15), Kota Depok (3,50), Serang (3,54), Kota Semarang (3,61), Manokwari (3,70), Ternate (4,07), Bengkulu (4,18), Palembang (4,25), Bogor (4,27) dan Lubuk Linggau (4,38)
Kemudian di instansi pemerintah pusat seperti Kementerian Agama (5,37), Kementerian Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi (5,44) dan Kementerian Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (5,52). Sedangkan di instansi vertikal diantaranya Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (6,09), Badan Pertanahan Nasional (6,07) dan Kepolisian Negara (5,76). Kementerian Agama juga terdaftar di kategori ini dengan penilaian 5,41. 

Satu hal positif dari berita tersebut adalah praktek suap ternyata masih dilakukan oleh (hanya?) setengah dari total seluruh daerah di Indonesia. Kita bisa menginterpretasi pernyataan tersebut sebagai berikut: 1) ada lebih dari setengah dari seluruh daerah di Indonesia yang bersih dari praktek suap; 2) ada potensi besar bagi Indonesia dapat menghapus praktek suap di seluruh Indonesia secara tuntas. Dengan kata lain, kita masih bisa (dan harus) optimis bahwa Indonesia bisa bebas dari praktek korupsi yang diawali dengan bebas suap.

Di sisi lain, ada hal negatif yang cukup memprihatinkan yaitu terkait terintegrasinya praktek korupsi khususnya suap di Indonesia. Jika kita perhatikan dengan seksama, praktek korupsi begitu marak di institusi pemerintahan yang melakukan pelayanan dasar. Mulai dari pelayanan perijinan, penegakan hukum dan keamanan hingga pelayanan yang terkait dengan urusan rohani. Jika kita kritis melihat fenomena ini, pertanyaan sederhana yang harus diajukan adalah adakah pelayanan dasar di Indonesia yang masih bersih dari praktek korupsi?

Jika urusan ijin harus dengan suap, mungkin karena demi kecepatan waktu dan kemudahan. Jika urusan hukum dan penegakannya harus dengan suap, mungkin karena demi kekuasaan dan bebas dari jerat hukuman. Tapi yang tidak habis pikir, jika urusan rohani dan ke-Tuhan-an harus dengan suap apakah mungkin karena suap merupakan salah satu perintah-Nya?

Holy bribe!!

it's not about diplomats, it's about political norms

When you read the news about parking ticket scandal in New York and maybe my post, you may easily fall into simple (but silly) conclusion that all Indonesian diplomats in New York particularly, or in any other country in general are a group of corrupt officials. Please be careful with such conclusion. I want to make sure that we should not join in the 'blaming game' and put 'labels' on Indonesian diplomats. I think, we need to take this matter in terms of 'government norms'. I define the 'norms' here as how we respond to the fact that we had violate a law, why we did that and how to avoid such things to happen again.

Yet, I found that Indonesian officials really don't see this as a matter of 'norms'. Instead, the saw the whole scandal as their 'blaming game'. The recent respond from Indonesian government shows such a typical, but expected deny and blame spirit:

The Indonesian government on Tuesday blamed a lack of legal parking spaces in New York City for the hundreds of thousands of dollars in unpaid packing tickets its diplomatic officials have racked up."This is not a new problem. It has been happening a long time," Triyono Wibowo, the deputy foreign minister, said on Tuesday.Of 35 embassy staff members in New York, only one was assigned a parking space, he said.

And...

[Triyono] added that the city should provide sufficient parking for all Indonesian diplomats. Priyo Budy Santoso, the House deputy speaker from the Golkar Party, said there should be a special dispensation regarding parking for diplomats."It is customary that diplomats from closely related countries get special treatment," he said

I am not sure I understand this 'blaming' statements. So, Indonesian government think (and demand) that Indonesia delegations should get more priority and spaces? Why and what's the benefit for New York City? Why should they give such special treatment for Indonesia? Why not to other countries, like Egypt or Nigeria?

If and only if New York City provide more parking spaces for all diplomats from all countries, where about the New York City people can park their cars? If Indonesian diplomats consist of 38 members and each of them driving, why should New York City provide 38 parking spaces? Or, why they have to provide parking spaces for each of diplomats? My brain really not working well in this case.

I could not digest the statements (blaming) and it is really not make sense. And the only possible explanation is Indonesian government doesn't like to be the one who make mistakes. They think that they are innocent, thus they blame New York City for not providing all the privilege we (think) deserved. I could not think any other explanation, for sure.

The real irony is that this kind of 'government norms' not solely happened for Indonesian diplomats, but widely and frequently occurs in almost every single action and policies by the government within our homeland. Blaming others for any wrongdoings and claim that they should get all the things that they think they should get. I am curious, how long they will keep this kind of 'norms'?

on corruption & RI diplomats unpaid parking fines in New York

The recent news title "RI diplomats owe Rp 6.5b in New York parking fines" shows how incredible the corruption culture penetrate into Indonesian, anytime and anywhere. Check out this part of the news: 

The New York City administration announced last Friday that Indonesia was number three on its list of countries with unpaid parking tickets, with about $750,000 in unpaid fines.The city's department of finance said that unpaid tickets totalled $16.7 million through the end of July. Egypt topped the list with $1.9 million in unpaid tickets, followed by Nigeria with about $1 million, Reuters reported from New York.

What do you think? Surprised? I believe you do not need to be surprised at all. There are a single explanation (and prediction) for this cause: corruption norms.

You can find the evidence for that cause back in year 2007 when Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel publish their  paper in Journal of Political Economy titled "Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets". The abstract of their study as follow:

We study cultural norms and legal enforcement in controlling corruption by analysing the parking behaviour of United Nations officials in Manhattan. Until 2002, diplomatic immunity protected UN diplomats from parking enforcement actions, so diplomats' actions were constrained by cultural norms alone. We find a strong effect of corruption norms: diplomats from high-corruption countries (on the basis of existing survey-based indices) accumulated significantly more unpaid parking violations. In 2002, enforcement authorities acquired the right to confiscate diplomatic license plates of violators. Unpaid violations dropped sharply in response. Cultural norms and (particularly in this context) legal enforcement are both important determinants of corruptions.

Pay attention with the bold sentences. If we take them seriously, we will find one common thing there: corruption norms. You may agree or disagree with their conclusion. But, this is a single research conducted in 2006/2007 which could clearly explain (or predict?) what happened in year 2011. It is very hard to ignored! Indonesia was number 24 of countries with average unpaid annual New York parking violation per diplomat for period of November 1997 to November 2005, according to Fisman and Miguel study. So, what makes the ranking getting higher within six years from 24 to number 3? Perhaps, it is really due to our corruption norms.  

I am really baffled with this finding!

Reference: 

Fisman, R. and Miguel, E. (2007) "Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets" Journal of Political Economy, Vol.115 (5): 1020-1048

Note: Fisman and Miguel also wrote a book title "Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations". The above paper mentioned was describe in Chapter 4: Nature or Nurture? Understanding the Culture of Corruption. The chapter is much fun to read and less econometrics-theoretical approach. You can read them here. While this particular chapter highly relevant to answer the phenomenon of unpaid parking fines, the rest of the chapters in Economic Gangsters really gives general hints on possibility to fight corruption. It is highly recommended book! 

It's not about methodology. It's obvious, officer!

From The Jakarta Post,

"The police force is seen by the business community as the most bribe-riddled institution, while corruption at judicial institutions is the most costly, according to a survey revealed Wednesday."

The police department had made record twice in first place according to the survey as they also become the most bribe-riddled institution during 2007 survey. The most interesting part after this finding being announced is the respond from police department. As mention by the National Police spokesman Insp. Gen. Abubakar Nataprawira, they questioned the methodology used in the survey. How can they used the same argument twice? They used the same argument after 2007 survey result being announced.

I believe that methodology is not the critical issue here. Instead, the police department should be careful as well as paying attention on what being suggested by the survey's finding. When the first survey in 2007 found that police department is seen as the most corrupt institution, the methodology issue argument perhaps still relevant as it might be due to sample selection and possible bias. However, if we assumed that similar methodology being used and expectantly the sample will different (since they will be randomly selected) then it is hard not to accept that the respondents perspective is valid. In this case, even with different - randomly selected - respondents still the results show similar findings, it is obvious that the survey results is valid. That means the police department indeed is seen as the most corrupt institution.

You may assume that the respondent will be the same as the previous survey. We call this kind of survey data - supposed to be - as longitudinal data. Even if it is so, if the police department could be introspective against themselves, then same respondents with similar answers could lead into conclusion that the police department haven't done anything to improve their image. It means, according to respondents opinion, police department still seen as the most corrupt institution.

All I want to say is, survey results may not telling you the whole story or perpective. But, if we carefully analyze and understand the nature of the survey then we will understand that there are a lot of information could be derived from them. Those information - no matter bias it is - still significantly representing public opinion, given the sample being selected. For police department, you can learn a lot for sure from the survey if you wish to improve your performance, particularly in the area of public services.

The next issues is whether police department could learned from survey that - almost always - mentioned them as the most corrupt institution? It is useless for them only denying the results and blaming on the survey techniques. Even without survey at all, it is already become a public secret that police officer is the most bribe-riddled officer in the face of people. Denial only makes them even more worse rather than instrospects and recover from the dust.

*picture: courtesy of The Jakarta Post